pam4 vs nrz modulation techniques
Introduction to Modulation Techniques Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating[…]
Ideal Scope for Hacking PCBs at Home
Understanding the Basics of PCB Hacking Before diving into the tools and equipment needed, it’s important to understand some PCB hacking fundamentals: What is a[…]
Solder Paste SMT Stencil
Introduction to SMT Stencils Surface Mount Technology (SMT) has revolutionized the electronics manufacturing industry by enabling the production of smaller, faster, and more efficient electronic[…]
backplane routing topology gigabit copper and fiber networks
Introduction to Backplane Routing Backplane routing is a crucial aspect of modern network design, particularly in high-speed gigabit copper and fiber networks. It involves the[…]
class notes bandwidth requirements differential signals
Introduction to Bandwidth Requirements Bandwidth is a crucial concept in the field of electronics and communication systems. It refers to the range of frequencies that[…]
pad stack design and fine pitch components part 1
What is Pad stack design? Pad stack design refers to the process of defining the physical and electrical properties of the pads used to connect[…]
hand routing vs using an automated router why auto interactive routing is the ideal pcb design solution
Introduction to PCB routing Printed circuit board (PCB) design is a complex process that involves multiple steps, from schematic capture to component placement to routing[…]
high speed frequency range and bandwidth
Understanding Frequency and Bandwidth In the world of high-speed communication systems, frequency and bandwidth are two critical concepts that play a vital role in determining[…]
parameterized tests using pytest hardware loop testing
Introduction to Pytest and Parameterized Testing Pytest is a popular testing framework for Python that makes it easy to write small, readable tests. One of[…]
passive intermodulation pcbs 5g systems
What is Passive Intermodulation? Passive intermodulation (PIM) is a form of interference that occurs in passive components of a wireless communication system when two or[…]